A UK research council is considering funding fewer PhD students but supporting them for four years, amid rising concerns over the stress placed on doctoral candidates by the current three-year model.

The Economic and Social Research Council, which funds about 500 PhD studentships a year, has launched a ¡°major review of PhD training and support¡± that, according to its 2019 , may ¡°lead to fundamental changes in the length, structure, content and quality of the doctoral training experience¡±.

Asked if the review would consider funding PhD students for four or more years, even if this meant having fewer candidates, Lucy Thorne, the council¡¯s head of skills and methods, said it was ¡°something we are prepared to think about¡±.

¡°It is something we have heard from the directors of doctoral training partnerships, and we will take this into account in our review,¡± Dr Thorne told a Westminster Higher Education Forum policy conference in London last week.

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Such a policy would, however, run counter to the government¡¯s wish for more PhD students. The UK would need about 25,000 more postgraduate research students by 2027 (it has about 110,000 at present) if annual research spending was increased to 2.4 per cent of GDP ¨C a target backed by each of the UK¡¯s three main political parties ¨C analysis by shows.

At present, the ESRC funds studentships on the basis that candidates will take three and a half years to complete. It provides them, as do other research councils, with a basic maintenance grant of ?15,009 a year ¨C roughly the equivalent to a minimum wage salary.

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However, there are growing concerns that many PhD students are being pushed into financial difficulty when their funding runs out before they are able to submit their theses.

Lorraine Maltby, deputy vice-president (research and innovation) at the University of Sheffield, said funding students for only three years was ¡°not tenable¡± because of the additional training requirements and because ¡°the pressure to complete [within three years] is affecting the mental health of students¡±.

¡°Our analysis of PhD students at Sheffield shows that it takes about three and a half years to do all the disciplinary work and core training ¨C but with the additional requirements, it takes four years,¡± Professor Maltby told Times Higher Education.

¡°If we are going to put more money into research, I would like to see PhD students supported for longer and funded for the right amount of time,¡± she added.

¡°Almost no one finishes in three years and 70?per cent or so don¡¯t finish in four years, yet most [PhD candidates] only get three years funding,¡± agreed David Bogle, pro vice-provost at UCL¡¯s Doctoral School.

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¡°Research councils are rightly now saying they should be funded until submission, which is the way it should be, although their messages are confusing and contradictory,¡± added Professor Bogle.

However, he rejected the idea that fewer PhD students should be funded in light of the apparently dwindling number of permanent entry-level academic jobs.

¡°The evidence doesn¡¯t support [the idea] that there are too many PhDs,¡± said Professor Bogle, adding that ¡°employment rates are still higher than any other qualification level.¡±

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But he questioned whether potential PhD students would want to study for much longer, saying that ¡°some supervisors will always want longer but few candidates will¡±.

Pamela Cox, director of the South East Network for Social Sciences, a doctoral training partnership of 10 universities, and a professor of sociology at the University of Essex, said PhD structures used in different countries should be explored, including the ¡°Dutch model¡± where PhD candidates are employed as paid researchers for at least four years and given full staff benefits. In Sweden, doctoral candidates are also treated as full-time paid employees and funded for at least four years.

¡°I wish we would look beyond these shores at different models and not just to the five-year luxury model seen in the US,¡± said Professor Cox.

Owen Gower, director of the UK Council for Graduate Education, questioned whether the far more expensive Dutch model would work in the UK. ¡°The Netherlands is a totally different ecosystem to the UK ¨C it only has about 15,000 doctoral candidates,¡± said Dr Gower. ¡°While the model has lots going for it, I¡¯m not sure we could do that here, where we have to grow doctoral numbers,¡± he said.

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jack.grove@timeshighereducation.com