New measures to limit scholarly engagement with China in research areas thought to jeopardise UK national security indicate that ¡°ideology¡± and ¡°Cold War anti-communist sentiments¡± are now shaping British science policy, experts have warned.

The UK government was expected to outline new security vetting rules for overseas academics and students in fields related to national security, with restrictions likely to apply to artificial intelligence, mathematics, physics, chemistry and some engineering disciplines.

?said thousands of Chinese researchers could be blocked from entering the UK under the rules, which aim to prevent the theft of intellectual property and to address concerns about the potential use of UK-Chinese research for military purposes.

Tom Tugendhat, the Conservative chair of the Foreign Affairs Committee, told Times Higher Education that a reassessment of UK-China research cooperation was ¡°long overdue¡± and that some university collaborations ¡°raise alarm bells¡±.

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¡°We need to develop a much deeper understanding of the profile of China¡¯s universities and military companies, and then we can begin to draw the lines of acceptable collaboration,¡± the MP said.

But banning UK universities from working with ¡°military-linked¡± Chinese universities would be an unreasonable restraint given that ¡°all strong research universities [in the UK] have ties with the military or security-related research¡±, said Simon Marginson, professor of higher education at the University of Oxford.

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Similar bans on academics with Chinese Communist Party ties would also be too restrictive, he added. ¡°To?require universities or scientists in China ¨C and for that matter, Chinese students going abroad ¨C to have no ties with ¡®the Communist Party¡¯ is exactly like saying ¡®no?ties with the government¡¯ because it is a one-party state,¡± Professor Marginson explained.

¡°To require east Asians to be ¡®like?us¡¯ before we¡¯ll deal with them or trust them is, frankly, neo-imperialist arrogance ¨C that is saying not only that ¡®our system is superior to yours¡¯ but also ¡®only our system is legitimate or possible¡¯.¡±

Imperial College London, one university which has faced scrutiny for its ties with Chinese companies, told THE that its collaborations focused on ¡°fundamental scientific research¡± and that it worked closely with UK government agencies.

¡°Our research outputs, which are in the public domain and routinely published in leading international journals, are good for science, innovation and the UK¡¯s global influence. Science is a global endeavour, and we are proud to work with our peers in academia and industry all over the world,¡± an Imperial spokesman said.

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Professor Marginson said that the latest policies towards China probably reflected ¡°Cold War anti-communist instincts still buried in the Western psyche¡±.

¡°To stigmatise everything in China as part of a single monolith controlled by a unitary party-state reflects a childish level of political analysis, and an overdeveloped instinct for playground-level stereotyping. It shows how ideology is showing signs of taking over this discussion,¡± he said.

Lee Jones, reader in international politics at Queen Mary University of London, said he was concerned that the UK was ¡°moving into a period where all Chinese researchers and students, regardless of their motives, will be treated with increasing ¨C and possibly baseless ¨C scepticism and hostility in Britain, mirroring a shift that has already happened in the?US¡±.

¡°Whatever one thinks about this policy drift, it is clearly problematic to bash universities for having followed previous government policy,¡± added Dr?Jones, who said it was ¡°only in 2015 that the UK¡¯s prime minister [David Cameron] was heralding a ¡®golden age¡¯ of UK-China relations¡±.

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¡°It is government policy that has made British universities dependent on Chinese students, whether studying in the UK or at China-based campuses, while inadequate research funding drives scientists to collaborate with their Chinese counterparts,¡± Dr Jones continued.

¡°If the government is really worried about British universities¡¯ dependence on, and relationship with, Chinese students and researchers, it should fund them adequately and create clear limits on what is, and what is not, acceptable engagement with China.¡±

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jack.grove@timeshighereducation.com