A starting claim of Game Changer is that the impact of technology on sport in the past 30 years is on a scale different from anything seen previously. A great deal of the book covers familiar issues of doping and the weaknesses of testing procedures, but there are also chapters on hydro-dynamic swimwear in particular and on changing sports technology in general. The careers of three individuals are discussed in detail: Lance Armstrong and two South Africans, Oscar ¡°Blade Runner¡± Pistorius and the allegedly intersex runner, Caster Semenya.

Thus the parts and much interesting material. As for the whole, Rayvon Fouch¨¦¡¯s thesis hangs on the assertion that technological change threatens some essential core to the value of sport, defined by the belief that ¡°an athletic body will always be vastly more important than any device in the final outcome of a sporting event¡±. This belief is threatened by drugs, but also by many other forms of technology including metal baseball bats and springy basketball shoes.

Fouch¨¦ often refers to the ideal of a fair competition between athletic bodies as an ¡°illusion¡± and a ¡°myth¡±. But it is also, surely, a straw man and an unattractive one at that. Our house contains dozens of age-group level trophies won in several sports by myself and our three sons. We all developed much earlier than our contemporaries: the distribution of genes is at least as ¡°unfair¡± as that of technology.

So I am inclined to think that Fouch¨¦¡¯s problem is not a coherent one. He says that ¡°We have invested deeply in the heroic narrative of athletic prowess¡±. But who are ¡°we¡±? The first part of the answer is those close to biomechanical sports such as running, swimming and cycling (the author¡¯s own sport), where the body acts as a machine performing a simple task as efficiently as possible. These sports are often obsessed with records, which are merely a curiosity in more complex (and much more popular) sports such as football and cricket, which are not vulnerable to technological change in the same way. It is interesting that Fouch¨¦ includes Argentinian footballer Lionel Messi on a list of the ¡°athletically gifted¡±. No, he isn¡¯t: although he was famously given growth hormone to compensate for his tiny stature, he is still not big or strong or fast. He is extremely skilled, which is different.

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The other sense of ¡°we¡± is Americans. The cultural historian John Hoberman portrays American sports culture as ¡°Germanic¡±, in that it sees physical prowess as of value in itself, whereas other cultures, including English, see sport as a test and an expression of ¡°character¡±. A linguistic clue is that Americans often refer to ¡°athletes¡± where we would say ¡°sportsmen¡±. Thus we have many football fans who accept the game is 90 per cent about money, Formula 1 fans who accept their sport is 90 per cent about the car and racing fans who know it¡¯s 90 per cent about horse breeding. The room for heroism lies in the remaining 10 per cent space, using the cards you¡¯ve been dealt.

But think of the origins of modern sport: the idea of the heroic medieval knight as transmitted to us by Sir Walter Scott, Thomas Hughes and Pierre de Coubertin. Winners were always those with the sharpest swords and the most impenetrable armour; heroes were those who commanded the archers whose bows could shoot the furthest. ¡¯Twas ever thus!

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Lincoln Allison is emeritus reader in politics at the University of Warwick.

Game Changer: The techno-scientific revolution in sports
By Rayvon Fouch¨¦
Johns Hopkins University Press 272pp, ?22.00
ISBN 9781421421797
Published 29 September 2017