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"I remember, when I was a youngster, we used to have to translate Erasmus. He was already travelling as a scholar 500 years ago.¡±

Sir Eric Thomas, the retired vice-chancellor of the University of Bristol, is reminiscing about his Latin A-level classes, in which the journals of the 15th-century Dutch Renaissance scholar featured prominently.

¡°Even all that time ago, the concept of there being an international community at a university was very strong.¡±

That has only become truer in the intervening centuries, of course. Today¡¯s universities are typically focused on attracting the best students and scholars from around the world, launching partnerships with overseas institutions and businesses, incentivising cross-border research collaborations and educating their students to become ¡°global citizens¡±.

These outward-looking characteristics are a core attribute of the institutions that feature in a new Times Higher Education ranking of the world¡¯s most international universities. The ranking is drawn largely from the ¡°international outlook¡± pillar of the THE World University Rankings 2016-17, which covers international staff, students and co-authors. However, it also includes a measure of universities¡¯ international reputations, taken from THE¡¯s annual Academic Reputation Survey (see box on methodology for more details).

A striking feature of the upper reaches of the 150-institution table is the prominence of universities from relatively small, export-reliant countries, where English is an official language or is widely spoken. The ranking is led by two Swiss universities: ETH Zurich ¨C Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich; and the ?cole Polytechnique F¨¦d¨¦rale de Lausanne. Of all the countries in the ranking, the Swiss representatives also have the greatest average proportion of international staff and internationally co-authored publications: both 62 per cent.

ETH Zurich president, Lino Guzella, on the importance of being international

Next in the ranking are the University of Hong Kong and the National University of Singapore. THE data scientist Billy Wong says that this may reflect the fact that nations such as Hong Kong, Singapore and Switzerland are all ¡°big, global trading hubs¡±, conditioned to look beyond their borders for personnel and ideas (the Chinese University of Hong Kong also ranks highly, at number 27).

Below the top four is a glut of institutions from the UK, Australia and Canada: prominent destinations for international students and scholars because of their prestigious universities and their use of English, the global lingua franca. Indeed, apart from the Swiss institutions ¨C which increasingly use English as their language of instruction, especially at postgraduate level ¨C France¡¯s ?cole Polytechnique is the only non-anglophone university to figure in the top 20. The UK has 13 institutions in the 150, led by Imperial College London at number five. The University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, University College London and the London School of Economics also make the top 10.

The US is less prominent in this ranking than it usually is in international league tables, possibly reflecting the fact that its size makes it less reliant on immigration to supply it with top student and academic talent. There is only one US institution in the top 30: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at number 22. Harvard University (sixth in the overall World University Rankings 2016?17) is 33rd, Stanford (third) is 36th and the California Institute of Technology (second) is 52nd. However, US institutions are still the most numerous in the international ranking, accounting for 64 places ¨C partly reflecting the fact that the ranking is confined to the top 500 institutions in the World University Rankings, and nearly a quarter of those are American.

Universities the world over have become more international in recent years. Between 2003 and 2012, almost all member nations of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development increased their level of international scientific collaboration, as measured by the proportion of scientific papers published with international co-authors, according to the OECD report . The US had the largest rise ¨C 33 per cent ¨C although the rate of international co-authorship among the US universities in °Õ±á·¡¡¯s ranking is still a relatively low 34 per cent.

Two-thirds of the citations of English language science papers now come from countries different from those of the articles¡¯ authors, according to a recent paper by Simon Marginson, professor of international higher education at UCL, titled ¡°¡±. Furthermore, the number of articles with co-authors from different countries rose by 168 per cent between 1995 and 2012 ¨C much faster than the overall growth in the number of papers.

Meanwhile, a 2011 analysis by three Dutch researchers, ¡°¡±, calculated that the average distance between co-authors grew from 334km in 1980 to 1,553km in 2009 (about the distance between London and Madrid).

Philip Wainwright, vice-provost for global strategy and initiatives and director of the Claus M. Halle Institute for Global Learning at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, says that cross-border research was on the rise within his own institution even before internationalisation became a major part of its strategy.

Three years ago, the university, which is ranked 105th in THE¡¯s international ranking, found that during the previous decade the number of its research publications with an international co-author had increased sixfold, and the citation rates for such publications were on average 2.5 times greater than for papers without an international co-author.

¡°What we discovered was that, in fact, Emory and its research had globalised,¡± he says.

However, he notes that unlike many other national governments, the US government has no ¡°central coordination or strategy¡± around internationalisation. Canada, for example, which has five universities in the international ranking, led by the University of British Columbia at 12th, to attract 450,000 international students by 2022, roughly double the numbers in 2011.

¡°In the US [policy] is much more of a patchwork quilt¡­I think it would be very helpful if there were more coherence at the centre given the complexity of working across borders. If we had greater support from the government, with a clear mandate, that would be very helpful,¡± says Wainwright.

However, such a policy initiative may be considered unlikely in the Donald Trump era. The new president¡¯s numerous negative comments about immigrants have concerned many higher education leaders, given their potential impact on recruitment of overseas students and academics. In an opinion article written for THE in the wake of Trump¡¯s victory, ¡°Will Trump make US HE great again? Not likely¡±, Philip Altbach and Hans de Wit, directors of the Center for International Higher Education at Boston College, warned: ¡°Without question, US leadership in global higher education, in terms of its excellence and its place as the leading host country for international students, is in jeopardy.¡±

There have been similar concerns in the UK after its decision to leave the European Union. Universities in the UK have the highest proportion of international students, on average, of all the countries in the table: 38 per cent. However, Bristol¡¯s Thomas remains optimistic, and doubts that the recent rise of populism means that ¡°globalisation is on the retreat¡±.

¡°It¡¯s too hard-wired now. The economic and cultural drivers for a globalised, inter-connected world are so strong that I don¡¯t see that we are going to retreat from that,¡± he says, adding that such interconnectedness will remain one of the ¡°defining characteristics of a university¡¯s ambition¡±.

Still, the importance of a political fair wind for a globalised academy should not be underestimated, according to Marnie Hughes-Warrington, deputy vice-chancellor (academic) of the Australian National University, which is seventh in the international ranking. She says that governmental support has been ¡°critical¡± to her institution¡¯s attaining its status as the seventh most international university in the world.

¡°Government policy decisions around visa processing, admissions and post-study work rights are important,¡± she says, adding that the local Canberra government also ¡°makes our international students very welcome¡± ¨C by providing them with free travel on city buses, for example. ¡°Simple things like that can make a really big difference,¡± she says.

It is clear that universities care about internationalisation. A 2015 European University Association survey of staff from 451 universities across 46 countries found that the issue was rated as highly important by 69 per cent of respondents, up by 8 percentage points since the previous EUA survey five years earlier.

An overwhelming proportion of respondents (92 per cent) said that internationalisation had enhanced teaching and learning at their institution, with the mobility of students (66 per cent) and staff (43 per cent) and international collaboration in learning and teaching (41 per cent) cited as the main reasons.

Meanwhile, a survey of 1,365 European University staff in the same year by the European Association for International Education found that improving the quality of education (56 per cent) and preparing students for a global world (45 per cent) were considered the most important reasons to internationalise. Strategic partnerships and student mobility were singled out as the highest internationalisation priorities for universities, while overseas branch campuses were rated the least important.

Interestingly, only 10 per cent of respondents highlighted the financial benefits of international students to their institution. But those from institutions perceived to be lagging behind on internationalisation were nearly twice as likely to mention financial benefits (15 per cent) compared with those from leading global universities (8 per cent).

There is no doubt that internationalisation can have economic benefits. Karl Dittrich is president of VSNU (Vereniging van Universiteiten), an association of 14 research universities in the Netherlands that has two representatives in THE¡¯s international ranking (the University of Amsterdam, at 38, and Utrecht University, at 59). Recent figures, he says, show that about 35 per cent of international master¡¯s and PhD students in the Netherlands remain in the country after graduating, adding €1.6 billion (?1.4 billion) to the Dutch economy each year in tax revenue.

¡°But the most important thing is we have a real international network of alumni; and if these alumni feel they have been trained and educated well, they are all ambassadors for what is going on in the Netherlands,¡± he says.

THE¡¯s Wong adds that internationalisation activities can boost a university¡¯s global reputation, which has a lot of knock-on impacts. ¡°If they can have more international collaboration and become better known internationally, that can help them in areas such as student recruitment, academic recruitment, attracting international funding and so on,¡± he says.

Analysis of the data collected for the ranking also indicates a positive relationship between a university¡¯s international outlook and its research influence. That is, the correlation between score in the international ranking and level of research citations is 0.4, where 1 is a perfect correlation.

But although there is wide agreement that internationalisation is important, there is no consensus about what it takes to be a truly global university. Thomas says that there is a tendency to say that an institution with ¡°many international links¡± is a global university, but this would capture ¡°every single university on the planet¡±.

When he was chair of the Worldwide Universities Network ¨C an international network of 21 research-intensive institutions ¨C between 2003 and 2007, he identified several more substantive characteristics. These are: a clear brand with international recognition; comprehensive excellence in teaching, research, staff, facilities, leadership and governance; innovative research with global partners that address global problems; global distribution of teaching and learning; a significant percentage of international staff and students; and close interactions with global businesses.

He admits that ¡°very, very few¡± universities meet all these criteria: probably a figure in the ¡°low hundreds¡± out of the ¡°45,000 institutes of higher education around the world¡±. He adds that some of the indicators will have limited relevance in certain parts of the world; for example, US state universities are subject to caps on the number of international undergraduates that they can recruit.

So how should a university go about internationalising? Emory¡¯s Wainwright says that his private institution¡¯s approach to facilitating more international research has been to establish partnerships in disciplines where the university is already strong and where there is basis for growth.

¡°It¡¯s very common for American universities to be approached by universities from overseas about international collaborations. In my experience, those approaches that are not already founded in deep relationships don¡¯t go very far,¡± he says.

¡°What I would advise another university to do is to really look at the disciplines where you already have an international reputation or have the potential for an international reputation, and then to really work at encouraging additional research ties with institutions that it already makes sense for you to be working with.¡±

Meanwhile, Peter Mathieson, vice-chancellor of the University of Hong Kong, says that his institution recently established a new ¡°10-year vision¡± to become ¡°Asia¡¯s global university¡±. One goal is for 50 per cent of its undergraduates to be given two opportunities to study outside Hong Kong during their degree by 2019, and for all students to have this opportunity by 2022.

The university is also ¡°quite keen on increasing the number of international agreements [it has] for dual degrees¡±, Mathieson says. Last year, for instance, the institution linked with UCL to create a new dual law degree, which involves students spending two years at each campus. Graduates will be eligible to apply to practise law in either the UK or Hong Kong.

Hong Kong¡¯s scheme of funding distinguished visiting scholars has also been a ¡°powerful vehicle¡± for international research collaboration, Mathieson adds.

For Uwe Brandenburg, managing partner of higher education consultancy CHE Consult, it is essential for universities to know both what outcomes they wish to achieve by becoming more global and how to assess them.

By surveying students and tracking their progress, universities will be able to see which internationalisation strategies have the most impact and how these can be tailored to different kinds of students, he explains.

Brandenburg was formerly international director of the Humboldt University of Berlin, the third highest-ranked of Germany¡¯s 15 representatives in the ranking, at 49th. He defines a university as truly international when all its activities are ¡°thought of from a global perspective¡±: when there is ¡°an international spirit among students, academic staff and particularly administrative staff¡±. But ¡°99 per cent of universities do not know whether they have such a mindset because they don¡¯t assess it. Just having international researchers doesn¡¯t make you an international university, because it could well be that these people are never much in contact with anybody: they are on their own, and [the other] staff don¡¯t care about them,¡± he says.

The ANU¡¯s Hughes-Warrington adds that it is important that universities do not think solely of inbound international students when they look to become more international, noting that outward mobility is just as crucial. But, above all, she says, institutions that have the most internationalisation success are those that have a ¡°cultural disposition¡± to think globally.

She also endorses the popular view that such institutions reap the benefits of their openness: ¡°A diverse workforce makes for a smarter workforce: it makes for better outcomes in research and better outcomes for teaching.¡±

Indeed, for Lino Guzzella, president of ETH Zurich, ¡°being international in itself is not the goal¡±. Rather, universities become international to be ¡°excellent in science, excellent in teaching and excellent in knowledge transfer¡±.

This, he confirms, is particularly true in a small nation such as Switzerland because there are not ¡°sufficient numbers of talented people within Switzerland¡± to recruit as scholars and students. At ETH Zurich, 65 per cent of the former and 37 per cent of the latter are from another country.

And although Guzzella does not enforce or even directly incentivise international research collaborations, noting that ¡°we are very much a bottom-up¡± university, ¡°more often than not¡± ETH academics will partner with researchers in other countries.

¡°Faculty members choose the partners that are best suited to their research. This naturally leads to a very high degree of international collaboration,¡± he explains.

¡°I know of no top university that does not have a substantial percentage of its faculty, students and workforce that are international. It is simply not possible to achieve high levels of excellence without being open to the world.¡±?

The data in Times Higher Education¡¯s ranking of The World¡¯s Most International Universities 2017 are drawn largely from the ¡°international outlook¡± pillar of the THE World University Rankings 2016?17. This takes into account a university¡¯s proportions of international students, international staff and journal publications with at least one international co-author. Each of these elements is given equal weighting in calculating the score for this pillar.

Unlike last year¡¯s international ranking, this year¡¯s table adds a fourth component, which makes up 25 per cent of the total score: a university¡¯s international reputation. This is a measure of the proportion of votes from outside the home country that the institution achieved in THE¡¯s annual invitation-only Academic Reputation Survey, which asks leading scholars to name the world¡¯s best universities for teaching and research in their field.

Only institutions that received at least 100 votes in the survey (at least 50 of which were from their home country) were eligible for inclusion.

In addition, only universities that feature in the top 500 of the THE World University Rankings 2016?17 were included.

This change has reduced the impact of purely geographical factors and the presence of a large foreign workforce, and has resulted in a number of previously highly ranked institutions, including Qatar University and the University of Luxembourg, dropping from the list.