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UNIVERSITY OF ESSEX. The following readers have been promoted to professorships: Brian Hamnett, department of history; Tim Hatton, economics; Lydia Morris and Ken Plummer, sociology; and Tom Sorell, philosophy.

UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS

Stanley Wainer, reader in mathematical logic, chair of mathematical logic; Fiona Williams, former professor of applied social studies at the University of Bradford, chair of social policy.

UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK

R. Higgott, professor of government (international politics) at the University of Manchester, professor of international political economy; A. Oswald, senior research fellow at London School of Economics, professor in the department of economics; P. Wagner, lecturer at Freie Universitat in Berlin, professor in the department of sociology.

UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN

Anthony Snodgrass, Laurence professor of classical archaeology at the University of Cambridge, Geddes-Harrower chair of Greek art and archaeology.

UNIVERSITY OF KENT AT CANTERBURY

Mervyn Frost, professor of politics at the University of Natal, chair in international relations.The following readers have been promoted to professorships: Christopher Hale, criminology; Gerry Rubin, law; Michael Tuite, molecular biology.