Publishers are hugely inflating their costs through unnecessary spending on marketing, lobbying and executive pay packets, according to open access campaigners who have calculated what they claim is the real cost of publishing.

It should cost on average just $400 (?315) to publish an academic paper, and at the very most about $1,000 for very selective journals with high rejection rates, an analysis says.

This is far less than the prices universities currently pay publishers, it argues: estimates of costs vary, but subscription journals receive about $4,000 to $5,000 per article, while article processing fees for open access papers average at least $1,470.

Publishers have long been criticised for their high profit margins, which regularly exceed 30?per cent. But this does not fully explain the difference between costs and price, say Bj?rn Brembs, a neurobiologist at the University of Regensburg, and Alexander Grossmann, an informatics and media professor at the Leipzig University of Applied Sciences.

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Instead, publishers are adding to costs by splashing out on activities that are not essential to academic publishing, the pair argue in a paper.

¡°How do you justify the costs¡­to the people who pay the bill, who are the taxpayers?¡± Professor Brembs asked.

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One area the pair single out is lobbying: RELX, the parent company of Elsevier, between €400,000 (?357,000) and €500,000 lobbying the European Commission in 2018.

The preprint also highlights what it sees as high top salaries at some publishers. In 2016, the New England Journal of Medicine spent 4?per cent of its publication revenue on the salaries of the 10?highest paid staff, which would add about $160 to the cost of each paper.

Publishers also spend extra on trying to attract authors through advertising or on promoting their brand at conferences, as well as paying for sales teams to deal with libraries, it points out. A handful of journals, such as Science and Nature, also employ journalists.

Professor Brembs said he would be happy to pay for this journalism, and noted that activities such as lobbying, while they ¡°sound superfluous¡±, could be useful if deployed on behalf of the entire research community.

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But these extra activities should be separated out from wider subscription costs, he argued.

A spokesman for the International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers pointed to of costs that came up with higher figures: one 2011 calculation, for example, put the cost of activities such as peer-review management, copy-editing, typesetting and origination at an average of ?1,261 per article.

david.matthews@timeshighereducation.com