UK universities have made thousands of staff redundant since the start of the coronavirus pandemic, figures show.

The data, obtained by educational platform Edvoy using Freedom of Information requests and seen by Times Higher Education, show that more than 3,000 staff were made redundant between 1?March and 20?September this year by the 104 universities that responded.

This includes those employed on fixed-term contracts that ended without being renewed. The impact of the pandemic on university finances has led to reports of many institutions opting against renewing the contracts of staff in non-permanent roles.

¡°The high numbers of job losses are a worrying indicator of the state of higher education in the UK. Casualisation has been a growing problem in UK universities, and these figures show how much this has been exacerbated by the pandemic,¡± said Nicole Wootton-Cane, editor at .

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In July, the University and College Union estimated that thousands of staff on fixed-term contracts could lose their roles as a result of the pandemic. At the same time, the Institute for Fiscal Studies estimated that UK universities could slash spending on temporary teaching staff by ?200?million, and on other temporary staff by ?300?million owing to financial pressures caused by the crisis.

According to the Freedom of Information responses, the University of Manchester recorded the highest number of redundancies, 528. A spokesman said these were made through a voluntary redundancy programme opened in May as part of its cost-saving measures driven by ¡°the serious financial implications of the Covid-19 pandemic¡±.

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The University of Sheffield recorded 424 redundancies, the majority of which were fixed-term contracts that expired. A spokeswoman said the university was extending fixed-term contracts in areas where work was required. ¡°The Covid-19 pandemic has had a financial impact on all UK universities, and we have sought to make cost savings where possible to mitigate this impact whilst still ensuring that our students continue to receive a world-class education and protecting our students¡¯ and staff¡¯s health and safety,¡± she said.

The University of Oxford recorded 416 redundancies, mostly fixed-term contracts that expired. A spokesman said this figure was in line with previous years.

The University of Cambridge reported 267 redundancies, while the universities of Leicester, York and Glasgow all topped?100.?These four institutions?said the majority or all of their numbers were fixed-term contracts coming to an end, not because of the pandemic.

Liz Morrish, a visiting fellow in the School of Languages and Linguistics at York St John University, said there was ¡°no?way¡± universities should be making redundancies or not renewing contracts during a pandemic and recession when jobs were incredibly scarce.

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The pandemic has ¡°amplified the precariousness of the already precarious, mostly younger, academics, who have no stability whatsoever¡±. It was a ¡°terrible way to depress your already depressed workforce¡± and would affect the student experience, she said.

Raj Jethwa, chief executive of the Universities and Colleges Employers Association, said institutions had ¡°worked hard to minimise the impact of the pandemic crisis¡±.

¡°In all sectors of the economy, Covid-19 has unfortunately led to job losses and the non-renewal of fixed-term contracts. HE?institutions boast some of the best employment frameworks in the UK, and decisions affecting jobs are never taken lightly. All of Ucea¡¯s members will involve their trade unions as staff representatives and work hard to try to avoid compulsory redundancies,¡± Mr Jethwa said.

anna.mckie@timeshighereducation.com